Unfortunately, Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure an annulment for the king. As a young king, he was named Defender of the Faith by the pope for defending the church against Protestant heresy; his Lord Chancellor was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Margaret would have been too young to remember her mother, and it is likely that she was brought up within her fathers princely household, then after his execution lived with her cousins, the many daughters of Edward IV. Nevertheless, she was taken from her cell to the place within the precincts of the Tower of London where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold.[5]. When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. The grave of Anne Boleyn. The 8-episode season follows Catherine of Aragon (Charlotte Hope) and King Henry VIII's (Ruari O'Connor) tumultuous marriage. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. He handled his responsibilities with his usual skill, but it was a balancing act, and an increasingly dangerous one. He had been shut up for most of his life and, one later chronicler said, could not discern a goose from a capon. Margaret Pole, as she was now styled, was held in the Tower of London for two-and-a-half years. More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. Margaret, warned of the threat he represented to her own interests and life, said: I trow he is not so unhappy that he will hurt his mother, and yet I care neither for him, nor for any other, for I am true to my Prince., At this point she was questioned rigorously by Henrys councillor William Fitzwilliam. Managed projects by translating human insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams. Her second son, Arthur Pole, had a generally successful career as a courtier, becoming one of the six Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. The next year, the late king's marriage was declared invalid by the statute Titulus Regius of 1484, making his children illegitimate. And because of his early education in religious matters, Henry was no mere spectator in religious debate. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. Mores eldest daughter Margaret would become the first non-royal Englishwoman to publish a work in translation. . Margaret Pole ended up becoming a Catholic martyr. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. Whether the countess was up to this is hard to say, but later the Imperial ambassador was to declare that Mary regarded her as a second mother. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. For at least five years, Montagu, Exeter and others had been passing information to the emperor through his ambassador, urging the invasion of England, and Reginald himself had assured the readers of his 1536 letter that a host of disaffected subjects were lurking within the realm, ready to support the invaders against Henry as soon as foreign troops landed. He did not share his opinion with the king. She is a close student of the sources, and careful not to stuff her novels with false excitements. Mores wife had been like most women of her time ill-educated, and during their brief marriage, he taught her Latin and other subjects. This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. But eventually the break between the king and his chief minister could not be ignored. More was thus in his early thirties, successful, happily married, when the tax collectors Dudley and Empson were beheaded on Tower Hill at the command of the new king, Henry VIII. Thomas came from wealthy families, from trade (his father was a wealthy baker) and the law. * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. You see, we speak of being anchored to our principles. In 1554, Mary reversed the attainder against Reginald Pole, and he was ordained as a priest in 1556 and finally consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. And the king did not force the issue. She was cousin to Henry VIII's mother, and well trusted by the king for years. In an effort to force their co-operation, Henry separated his wife and child, and Margaret who was Marys godmother offered to serve the young girl at her own expense. The relationship between the King and Margaret wavered a bit in 1518 when Henry repossessed some of her Salisbury lands saying they belonged to the duchy of Somerset. Please change your browser settings to allow Javascript content to run. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. The bridegroom Arthur was dead within months. It was not a bloodbath, but a selective cull, carried through by process of law. His home at Chelsea was as close as Tudor England would come to an 18th century French salon. Margaret was one of just two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right (suo jure) without a husband in the House of Lords. Was More surprised by this speech? He could now only write to his wife and favorite daughter Margaret with a piece of coal or burnt stick on scraps of paper. When she reached her teens, a marriage was arranged with Richard Pole, a modest landowner with solid Tudor connections, who had been rewarded for loyalty by being made constable of several Welsh castles. Margaret was born into the England of the Wars of the Roses and was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, one of Edward IV 's younger brothers and was of the House of York. After several months, he was visited by Cromwell, but More refused to engage him in debate and merely declared himself a faithful subject of the king. By 1527, the king was in his mid-thirties, and his wife six years older. She was an apt enough pupil to later converse with visitors in Latin. This blatant disrespect could not be tolerated and Mores name was included in a Bill of Attainder against Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, who had prophesized against the kings annulment. 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Reginald was the most interesting and talented of Margarets children, and the one to whom she was not close. He blindfolded himself and exhorted the assembled crowd to witness his end in the faith and for the faith of the Catholic Church, the kings good servant but Gods first. Even Mores Protestant enemies did not believe him a traitor; his death was almost universally held to be nothing less than martyrdom. She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. Our Lady of Lourdes in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. Margaret Pole, N B tc ca Salisbury (ting Anh: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury; 14 thng 8 nm 1473 - 27 thng 5 nm 1541), l mt nh i qu tc Anh quc.B l con gi ca George Plantagenet, Cng tc x Clarence, em trai ca Quc vng Edward IV v anh trai ca Richard III.Margaret l mt trong s t nhng ngi ph . We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. Margaret kept silent on the matter. I have a feeling that Edward and Thomas had an even closer relationship when their brother Henry was around. Mores adolescent years were spent under the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. After Richard was killed, Margaret came to court under the new regime, and in September 1486 she attended the christening of Arthur, the first Tudor prince. London, WC1A 2HN The trial of Sir Thomas More for treason opened in Westminster Hall on July 1, 1535. It is only in adversity that Margaret shows herself, in the records of her interrogations, when she was a woman in her sixties, experienced, shrewd, hard to frighten. Henry VIII helped provide good marriages or religious offices for Margarets sons, and a good marriage for her daughter as well. The accounts differ slightly; Marillac's report, dispatched two days afterwards, recorded that the execution took place in a corner of the Tower with so few people present that, in the evening, news of her execution was doubted. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. Its influence upon William Shakespeares Richard III is immense. But for the rest of his reign Henry VII would be plagued by pretenders, persistently rising from the dead. His resignation was at first not accepted. As a newly elected representative for London in Parliament and an undersheriff in the city, he was deeply involved in public life. More suffered a sharp chest pain, possibly angina, and begged the king to release him from his duties. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. letters@lrb.co.uk Henry VIIIs later statements to the contrary, his marriage to Katharine began happily and continued so for some years. Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. When her husband died in 1505, Margaret became a widow with five children. After her husband's death, Margaret acted as regent for her son James V, from 1513-1515. Birth Year: 1478. Now he decided to seriously test his religious convictions. Susan Higginbotham. He was a brilliant scholar of the Renaissance who died rather than betray the Catholic church. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. Certainly Henry wanted Mores support. It was unlawful before man and God and thus void. She was sentenced to death, to be executed at the king's will. The Execution of a Duke. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. It gave the king pause, and More was allowed to return home. She was, Pierce says, intelligent, unquestionably virtuous, traditionally pious, and possessed an easy familiarity with the convoluted etiquette of a royal court. The next year, when her sons were mixed up with Buckingham, she was removed from that appointment, but later restored to it by 1525. ODNB, which argues that the restoration was a tacit admission of her brother's innocence; however, lands and titles had been restored to the heirs of guilty peers during the previous century. He married Anne Neville, a younger sister of Margaret's mother, Isabel. Gaily agreeing that the chief female virtues are meekness and self-effacement, they managed estates, signed off accounts, bought wardships and brokered marriage settlements, all the while keeping up a steady output of needlework. His crusade against his native land was never launched, but many years later he would return, Archbishop of Canterbury to Mary Tudor, and join in heresy-hunting and the burning of reformers. The king added that his lack of a legitimate son was clear proof of Gods displeasure. Sir Thomas de la Pole was born circa 1378. Geoffrey Pole, who had given the government what it needed, was pardoned. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. . Margaret Poles death, notoriously, was not a clean end. Henry, the eldest son, though knighted and given the family title Lord Montagu, did not share the general admiration for the king. Birth Country: United Kingdom. But to Mores credit, he made an impassioned plea for greater freedom of speech in parliament. The relationship between Mary and Lady Salisbury was very close. After Henry VIII and then his son Edward VI had died, and Mary I was queen, with the intention to restore England to Roman authority, Reginald Pole was appointed papal legate to England by the Pope. The Duke of Clarence plotted against Edward IV and in February 1478 was attainted and executed for treason. You may not of heard of Margaret Pole so I will fill you in because her death was quite brutal and makes an interesting read, (if you like the darker side of the Tudors). It is only in posteritys schoolroom view that Bosworth was the end of the Middle Ages or the end of anything; the noble families didnt think their wars were over, and indeed they were not, because in 1487 the new king was defending his throne at the Battle of Stoke. London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk (1) European rulers keen to destabilise England had promoted the claims of this plausible, glamorous young man, but by the summer of 1498 he was in the Tower, about to embark on the last act of his mysterious life. Henry and his ministers suspected Reginald of plotting to marry the kings daughter Mary, and unite her claim with his. See me safe up, he told the lieutenant who escorted him, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.. * Walter Stafford (about 1539-after 1571 . Margaret and her son, Henry, pressed Arthur's widow to take a vow of perpetual chastity to preserve her inheritance for her Pole children. [13], In 1537, Reginald (still not ordained) was made a Cardinal. There wasn't any "relationship" as such. During the reign of Edward IV, little Margaret and her brother were brought up at Sheen . There have been rumors of an alleged relationship with Lady Margaret (see the White Queen series, for example). In 1876, during restoration work on the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, the bones of a tall, elderly woman came to light. A third account in Burke's Peerage, possibly apocryphal, described the appalling circumstances of the execution. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. But polite prevarications only worked for so long and soon More was a genuine courtier, with all its attendant duties and benefits. Mores piety was the defining aspect of his character; even as the circumstances of his life changed, it remained constant and unyielding. And his old friend, the duke of Norfolk, took care to warn him of his danger, Indignatio principis mors est. To which More famously replied, Is that all, my lord? Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. In 1537, after the split from the Roman Catholic Church proclaimed by Henry VIII, Pope Paul II created Reginald Pole who, though he had studied theology extensively and served the church, had not been ordained a priest Archbishop of Canterbury, and assigned Pole to organize efforts to replace Henry VIII with a Roman Catholic government. But and of course this clause was added simply to trap More the Act also required a repudiation of any foreign authority, prince or potentate. More could recognize Anne as the crowned queen of England. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. In 1535, Englands ambassador began suggesting that Reginald Pole marry Henrys daughter Mary. The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested two years later that Mary be handed over to Margaret, but Henry refused, calling her "a fool, of no experience". Managed all schedules for company and . Basically, they disliked and mistrusted one another. Henry Courtenay och Margaret Pole och fngslades i Towern. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. (2020, August 26). But literacy was their usual weapon, not spells, and many of them picked up enough legal knowledge to fight their corner in civil disputes. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. The second season of The Spanish Princess premieres on Starz on Sunday, October 11. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. The chronology defeated observers, as if her life stretched back into a fabulous era when dragons roamed. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. Portrait of an unknown woman, often identified as the Countess of Salisbury, DWYER, J. G. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl.". And while this reasoning worked to replenish the royal treasury for Henry VII, it also provided the second Tudor king with a chance to curry popular favor when he in one of his first acts as Henry VIII imprisoned and later executed Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, who were Mortons (and his fathers) tax collectors. Chapuys also communicated with Reginald through his brother, Geoffrey. Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. More importantly, he developed a personal relationship with Henry VIII, and because known as the kings intellectual courtier. His position at court meant that he was to be the kings advocate before parliament. On 1 July 1535, he was indicted on high treason. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. But he knew what was coming. Margaret Pole was restored to a position as lady-in-waiting, which helped her financial situation. The National Archives, minsters' accounts, SC6/HENVIII. It was perfectly clear to any objective observer that the marriage was unlawful before God! Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. This conviction meant they lost their titles and their landsmostly in the South of England--conveniently located to assist any invasion. Henry married Margarets cousin, Elizabeth of York, and imprisoned Margarets brother as a potential threat to his kingship. She held a noble title in her own right, and controlled great wealth, after she was restored to favor during the reign of Henry VIII but she became embroiled in the religious controversy over his split with Rome and was executed on Henrys orders. London Review of Books . Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. Margaret Pole was the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV, and a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses. The main character is Joanna Stafford, a Dominican novice. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The countess was to look after the little girls health and diet, ensure that she did not wear herself out in learning French and Latin, and see that her immediate environment was kept spotless, so that everything about her be pure, sweet, clean and wholesome, as to so great a princess doth appertain. In 1539 Henry VIII allowed (or ordered) Thomas Cromwell to throw Lady Salisbury into the . No great European power was willing to commit men or money to this crusade, but their unwillingness was not apparent at the time. As part of his 'Random Histo. Her heads. Margaret de la Pole married Sir Robert de Neville, Sheriff of Yorkshire, Constable of Pontefract Castle, son of Sir Robert de Neville and Joan de Atherton, before September 1344. Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. It proved to be another happy marriage, though Mores friends remarked upon Alices sharp tongue and occasionally brusque ways. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. [18][19][20][21][22] Margaret was buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. In 1540, Cromwell fell from favour and was attainted and executed. A tradition has grown up that George was drowned in a vat a malmsey, an expensive sweet wine. Even special physicians summoned from Spain could not help the queen to conceive again. Ten years on, her situation was more difficult to negotiate. Margarets brother was 24. His decision to become a lay Christian now made, More quickly married. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. There are panel paintings of Pole in the following churches: There are stained glass windows of Pole in the following churches: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is unlikely she had seen him for many years, but in any case, mourning for a traitor was inadvisable. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. The Bishop of Rochester John Fisher is executed on the same charge. Yet if you were to ask Mores contemporaries to describe him, their words would be as conflicted and contradictory as the man himself. 83 ratings9 reviews. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords. She was later regarded by Catholics as such and was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII. His naivety meant that, when threats to the regime mounted, he was easily entrapped. Birth date: February 7, 1478. After his marriage to Anne Boleyn and the birth of their daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was sent to join the household of the infant princess. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. But if the weather turns nasty you up with an anchor and let it down where there's less wind, and the fishing's better. On the scaffold, Margaret prayed for the royal family all except Anne Boleyns daughter, Elizabeth, whom she regarded as illegitimate. The Tower of London for two-and-a-half years Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole circa 1378 och Margaret Pole asked. 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