Accessed March 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/830432/construction-costs-of-residential-buildings-in-us-cities/, Statista. Common siding While it's durable, it's also heavy and expensive. The four basic categories outside of the standard drywall include: fire-resistant, mold-resistant, moisture-resistant and soundproof. The Federal Reserves efforts to reduce inflation rates may help stabilize home-building costs over the next year. But keep in mind your new home's size and where you live can dramatically affect the price. Get a free estimate from a great contractor near you. Although, they last the longest in areas with dry climates. It requires little to no maintenance, but easily heats up, so it may not be the best choice if you live in a hot climate. Below is a simple formula to follow: Home sq. Constructing concrete block structures is finicky so masons tend to charge more money. You may have two houses with a similar square footage, but their price per square footage could vary drastically if theyre located in different ZIP codes or neighborhoods. If you hire the architect or designer before consulting with a builder, you may end up with pie-in-the-sky building plans vastly out of budget and you'll need those plans revised again once you hit a reality check. ft. Square Foot Construction Cost: B/IIB = $177.38/sq. The cost to side a house, including materials, installation and site cleanup, typically ranges from $5,400 to $16,000, or about $10,750 on average. Wisconsin In Shape of your home: A simple box-shaped home is easier and cheaper to side than a house with eaves, turrets or multiple stories. ), features, the land, neighborhood, building materials, design and more. Prices per square foot can vary based on location, condition, improvements, updates, lot sizes, and whether it's a one-story or multi-level home, among other factors. This will vary based on the thickness of the concrete, the thickness of the edge and the finish. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. The requirements, building codes and associated fees vary depending on where you want to build. Unlike other materials, you dont need to repaint vinyl and is not susceptible to rot or insect damage. Land prices vary dramatically, and that price can be affected by lot size. Cost to build a house per square foot by region, Do not Sell or Share My Personal Information, $149,000 sales price (two identical single-family houses were built on the same divided lot, costing a total of $298,000), 3 bedrooms, 3 baths, 2-car garage, entry-level linoleum floors and carpet throughout; new stove, fridge, dishwasher and microwave; cabinets paint and all finish work, 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, 2-car oversized garage, 12-foot ceilings, high-end fixtures and all finish work; all interior and exterior paint; small back patio and small front porch, $240,000 (Energy Star spec home with upscale finishes). It's the most common type of metal siding and is a good fit for homeowners in areas with extreme cold because it offers superior insulation from the outside elements. Vulnerable: Extreme weather and high temps can lead to dents and cracks. But what about in the specific neighborhoods where youre looking for a home? Heres a cost breakdown by type based on averages: The frame acts as the bones of your home. how to find, hire and work with contractors. That includes both the work involved and the prices. While painting is the cheaper option, it's less durable and won't last as long. //]]>. If you're planning a siding project, we recommend starting as early as possible in the season, preparing for potential price fluctuations, and allowing extra time to order materials. You use this material to create the walls and ceilings of your home. For example, three homes sold on Broadway for $200,000 each. WebZip Codes; Jump to a detailed profile, search site City-Data sees over 14 million users per month and has been featured in 121 books, on CNN, WABC in New York, Bay News 9 in Tampa Bay and USA Today's Hot Sites, among others. Cost factors that affect the overall price of your project include: Siding quality: Low-cost siding may save money in the short-term, but more expensive material means less replacement in the long-term. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Base-level finishings start at an average cost of $90 per square footon top of other construction costs. Robert Tschudi, Expert Home Building & Remodeling Contributor. The average, or mean, price is found by adding all the prices together and then dividing by the number of homes. If this were my home and this is what I wanted to do, this is how I would start. And then I give them scenarios why they might be over budget or under budget. Buying a prefabricated shed costs $200$4,000 plus the cost of a handyperson for about $60$65 an hour. Labor The cost of labor depends on the extent of the shed Whats inside the home, the land the home is on, what the roof is made out of, and more factors all help to give you an idea of what a homes value is. Price calculations vary depending on which spaces get included in the measurement (like the attic, exterior, basement, etc. As of September 2022, lumber prices have started to come down and are estimated at $422.50 per thousand board feet, according to Statista. This can be done with wood (plywood boards and wood battens) or with fiber cement boards and battens. Here are some average prices for different qualities and types of vinyl from Lowe's: Low maintenance: never needs to be repainted. But builders usually refer to the different forms as engineered wood, hardwood and softwood. The average price per square foot in new single-family homes in the U.S. reached an all-time high of $122.12 in 2020. Browse profiles, see prices and use filters to find pros who match your project. As a result, a bigger or more complex home will likely cost more. You might be looking at a 1,500-square-foot home that's listed for $150,000. Metal roofing comes in sheets or shingles, is low-maintenance and can last decades longer. Analyze costs to build in multiple cities. HomeLight, Inc. 100 1st Street, Suite 2600, San Francisco, CA 94105. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. Looks like wood without the disadvantages of wood. Using data and expert opinions, well help you learn how to calculate square footage costs, including existing homes versus new builds, and account for home location on your house hunt. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. If you want to use the average cost per square foot of homes in an area to help your negotiations, remember to only compare prices between comparable homes. Total home sales in the U.S. 2011-2021 with forecast until 2023, Median size of single family house in the U.S. 2000-2021, Average price per square foot in new single-family houses U.S. 2000-2021, Annual home price appreciation in the 50 U.S. states as of Q3 2022. Contact a professional near you to receive a personalized cost estimate for your project. Per-square-foot costs are used a great deal in new construction. Property D was $180,000 and 1,200 square feet, while Property E was $585,000 and 2,100 square feet. If local building costs average $100 per square foot, then you would be looking at a replacement cost of $200,000. For homes purchased in 2020, 56% were purchased below the asking price, which shows how effective negotiations can be. A price breakdown per square foot looks something like this: Predicting the costs associated with home building is a large undertaking. A small plot with no existing utility hookups couldcost as little as $1,000, but desirable areas and larger lots may mean spending dramatically more. Selling Your Rental Property? A general contractor is technically different from a custom home builder. JamesHardie.com also offers a variety of maintenance products for your specific siding. According to the latest estimates, the median price for each square foot for a home in the United States is $123. Mobile home siding costs between $3,500 and $8,000. It's typically a more affordable option than the alternative wood siding costs between $7,000 and $23,000 to install. It wouldnt make sense to try and leverage the cost per square foot price of one home compared to another home thats located in a different area. Which is a better buy? Each one specializes in a certain type of installation or task, such as security system installation or carpeting. This amount can vary due to region, home type, size and desired home features or luxuries. New construction typically costs between $100 and $200 per square foot, but additions and customizations may quickly inflate the expense to $500 or more per square foot. WebThe average cost to build a house is $155,000 to $416,000, not including the land or lot. WebBasic Costs to Build a House Figures from a recent study by the National Association of Homebuilders (NAHB) help answer this question. When building your new home, be sure to also factor in the cost of interior painting, electrical work, plumbing and more. They really dont. They also impact the efficiency of your property, meaning cutting corners will cost you in the long run. The average cost to build a home in Michigan is $90 to $150 per square foot, or between $225,000 and $265,000. Siding is crucial to protect your home from the elements, like snow, rain and wind. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? I feel going solely on price per square foot is a big misconception, says Mary Jo Santistevan, a top real estate agent in Phoenix, Arizona, who completes 11% more sales than the average Phoenix agent. Read this guide to learn more aboutthe costs involved in building a house. ("naturalWidth"in a&&"naturalHeight"in a))return{};for(var d=0;a=c[d];++d){var e=a.getAttribute("data-pagespeed-url-hash");e&&(! The pricing per square foot simply gives you average or median ranges. Homewyse provides cost breakdowns, labor effort and material estimates for 1000+ common projects. Multiple openings and your chosen finish affect this price, though. The popular cedar shake-style roofing averages $5 $7 per square foot. But maybe your dream home is tucked away in the mountains or on a vast farmland spread. Square foot pricing can be a shifty concept that doesn't always mean what you might think it does. Labor usually costs $1 to $4 per square foot, depending on where you live and the difficulty of the installation. Vinyl siding costs between $6,100 and $16,500. Appraisers don't rely on square-foot costs. Siding typically costs around $12 per square foot. Expect to pay approximately $4 $8 per square foot for the material on its own. Watch how to quickly and easily build your square foot estimates using the Square Foot Estimator for your building type. Factors like labor, supply shortages, and inflation led to increased building costs over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. As you browse listings in different areas during your home search, remember to consider how a home in one area might not be comparable to a home in another, even if they have similar square footage and features. Depending on the character and style of your house, you may not want the physical changes that material brings. This may also be the step where the builders work on walkways, driveways and patios. Talk to an expert and start the mortgage approval process today to see what path to homeownership makes the most sense for you. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Location is one of the major drivers of cost when building a house. Always refer to your manufacturer's specific guidelines when it comes to maintenance and repair to avoid further damage. Rocket Mortgage, 1050 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48226-1906. The foundation isnt the same for every home. Half the homes sold for more than $167. R.J. Nassar, the national director ofOpus One Design Buildin Miami, Florida,explains that southern Florida's proclivity to hurricanes requires building homes from concrete block. A complete refinishing job, including clear finishes, semi-transparent stains, and repainting will cost $2,000 to $5,000 total. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). All of these costs include plumbing and electrical. The chemical compounds in engineered wood help withstand mold, rot, and prevent insects. 4 bedrooms (plus a bonus room over the garage), 3 full baths, 2-car garage, walkout deck on top floor of master bedroom; special sheetrock and window installations required for Energy Star rating; stainless-steel appliances, including oven, stove and convection microwave; all flooring, paint and finishing complete. Demand for siding has grown over the past year. The prices reflected in the article above are for informational purposes only and are subject to change at any time. Common siding materials include vinyl siding, which costs about $3 to $12 per square foot. Completely waterproof: doesnt swell, rot, or encourage mildew growth. Based on what? Building a house is appealing for many reasons, some of which include customizing a home to your liking and possibly saving money compared to buying an existing home. Statista. Primarily, the average cost for building a house varies between $100 and $155 per square foot. Repeat the above two steps until you have measured your entire house. So, its wise to check fees beforehand. Homes with standard finishing are modest and cozy but not luxurious. Construction usually takes much less time but expect much fewer options for customization. There are many similarities between this material and brick, and stone can last a lot longer than most other types of siding. This amount can vary due to region, home type, size and desired home features or luxuries. Another factor to consider is location. Wood starts at $2 per square foot while stone can reach $50 per square foot. Because prices can vary greatly, it's important to work with a contractor or house builder near you to figure out an accurate estimate for your new house. ft. Log siding costs an average of $14,000. You can't take the average price per square foot and multiply it times the square footage of the home you're thinking about buying. Low- to mid-end countertops, like granite or quartz; carpeted bedrooms; standard bathroom fixtures; tiled entryways; hardwood in the main living areas; standard ceiling light fixtures; stucco or lap siding; basic roof materials, Higher-end, energy-efficient windows; recessed lighting; high-quality hardwood flooring; upgraded bathroom fixtures and finishes; higher-end countertops and appliances; stone accents on the exterior, Automation, like blinds and speakers; heated driveways; heated flooring; marble or chiseled stone bathrooms; stone exterior; expensive glass; custom baseboards and molding; professional landscaping; slate roof shingles. In the example above, the median price would be $167 compared to the average of $192. So, in the end, you pay 40 65 cents per square foot. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set The price rises for details like foundation, wiring, plumbing, and windows. Quicken Loans is a registered service mark of Rocket Mortgage, LLC. Some 23,000 military and civilian employees, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon. Yes, it can be a piece of the pie, but there are so many other factors.. Here are some of the most popular siding options and their average cost per square foot (based on a single-family home): Drywall, sometimes called wallboard or plasterboard, is made up of gypsum sandwiched by two paperboards. Building permits are official documents that authorize you to begin constructing the property. Building a custom shed costs $60$150 per square foot for both materials and installation. A construction loan may help you cover the costs to fund your dream home from the ground up. Actual costs will depend on job size, conditions, and options. Attractive: authentic appearance thats easy to customize with finish options. On the low end, the average cost is $301 per square Still, always discuss pricing with professionals before you start budgeting. If a sign-in page does not automatically pop up in a new tab, click here. Insulates houses: save on heating and cooling costs. Electrical, HVAC and plumbing account for most of your system costs. It's a popular project due to its low cost and durability. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. Get free estimates from top-rated contractors. And local permit costs can affect the final price, too. Local realtors and real estate agents will know the most about an area. Dollars per Square Foot). It can even help with your homes energy efficiency. Homeowners enjoy its aesthetic and durability. Many homeowners in the U.S. install asphalt shingles on their properties. Over the years, the cost per square foot has increased: //=a.length+e.length&&(a+=e)}b.i&&(e="&rd="+encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(B())),131072>=a.length+e.length&&(a+=e),c=!0);C=a;if(c){d=b.h;b=b.j;var f;if(window.XMLHttpRequest)f=new XMLHttpRequest;else if(window.ActiveXObject)try{f=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")}catch(r){try{f=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(D){}}f&&(f.open("POST",d+(-1==d.indexOf("?")?"? It isn't a clear picture either, however. Ill pretend like its my home. On average, the cost to build a single-story commercial office building on the high end is $361 per square foot. So, research your project thoroughly before approaching any lenders, and consider these budget-friendly ways to build a house. Prices have gone up 5% to 10% this year, and many parts of the country are experiencing long delivery times. However, this depends on the type of material. This is especially true if you compare houses in different states and areas nationwide. Hardwood offers greater strength and durability, making it good for furniture, flooring, walls and ceilings. So, you can save on your cooling and heating bills. Midrange homes are slightly nicer than standard homes, and accordingly cost a little more. My name is Ricc Brindicci, Im a contractor, and you can find me on Thumbtack.". Engineered wood is versatile, serving as the material for flooring, siding and subflooring in many newer homes. Strong and durable: also easier to install than wood. The company will pour concrete depending on the type of foundation you choose, including slab, crawl space and basement. Armed with this information, you can expect higher home prices in many areas of California, Hawaii, and Washington, compared to certain ZIP codes in Mississippi, Iowa, and Kansas. [CDATA[ This gives you a median price per square foot of $200 for this sampling. Heres a look at what materials only cost based on home size. Some vinyl manufacturers recommend using a pressure washer once a year, while others advise against using pressure. Property E sold at $278 per square foot. Otherwise the problem may crop up again later. On the downside, this option needs regular treatment and maintenance to protect from water, insect and mold damage. Finally, when you have your siding installed can make a big difference in the cost. Don't start with the designer or architect. The Balance uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. WebProject Cost Calculators - Homewyse Homewyse Installation Cost Calculators - 2023 Get up-to-date Fair Cost Estimates for common remodeling, installation, maintenance and repair projects. Plus, you may avoid the cutthroat competition of buying a house in the real estate market. Why Average Price Per Square Foot Can Only Tell You So Much About a Home. You'll pay anywhere from $1,200 to $2,400 for a box of siding and installation, depending on the type you choose. Use a soft brush to clean siding and avoid using anything harsh such as steel wool or other highly-abrasive scrubbers. In addition, any dents, chips, cracks, and other minor surface damage in James Hardie siding and trim products can be filled with a cementitious patching compound. The pricing for the following sections comes from data collected during 2021 and part of 2022. The square-foot cost to rebuild your home is often likely to be higher than the cost to buy if the home is older. Currently, you are using a shared account. High-end furnishings, finishes and appliances have high price tags. You'll pay approximately 25% less for an attached garage. A plot of land may seem nice but could contain contaminants in the soil, come with high zoning costs or be prone to natural disasters. The national average cost range to build a condominium building is $1.5 to $4.5 million, with most people paying $3 million for a mid-range 20-unit building with a shared lobby and amenities. Siding typically costs about $12 per square foot, though the price depends mostly on the material. Go to Thumbtack and search for top-rated house builders in your area to start planning and budgeting your home construction project. Thicker panels plus soundproofing can cost as much as $60. On the expensive end, in San Francisco, you could pay $810. Exterior work helps complete the look of your property and generally costs $40,000 $60,000. They take on important responsibilities, including obtaining cost estimates, vetting and hiring a team of subcontractors and ensuring deadlines are met. This price is for a typical 16 by 80 foot structure. Wooden framing is easier to carry and install, so this home will cost less than an equivalent space in Florida. Sometimes, your contractor already owns the lot, and the land cost is included in the building fees. Based on the information you have provided, you are eligible to continue your home loan process online with Rocket Mortgage. Then the one thats remodeled is going to be a higher dollar per square foot.. Its also waterproof, so its a great option for coastal homes. Board and batten siding costs between $4,000 and $14,000. Newer material: improper installation can result in issues. Thats because the price depends on the relationship between supply and demand. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. ":"&")+"url="+encodeURIComponent(b)),f.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded"),f.send(a))}}}function B(){var b={},c;c=document.getElementsByTagName("IMG");if(!c.length)return{};var a=c[0];if(! However, the average cost to build a new home shifts upward of $500 per square foot for more luxurious accommodations, like a walk-in closet or energy-efficient features. That's actually a trick question because smaller square-foot homes command higher per-square-foot costs. Engineered wood is lighter and easier to install than traditional wood, making it a popular choice for DIY projects. Big difference in the United States is $ 301 per square foot pricing per square foot drivers of cost building! Also offers a variety of maintenance products for your specific siding slab, crawl space and.. It does labor effort and material estimates for 1000+ common projects get a free estimate a! Be looking at a replacement cost of $ 192 my name is Ricc Brindicci, Im a contractor and... Past year and can last decades longer include vinyl siding, which shows how effective negotiations can affected! Concept that does n't always mean what you might think it does end you... Physical changes that material brings neighborhoods where youre looking for a home COVID-19 pandemic refer! Wo n't last as long before you start budgeting is often likely to be repainted your building type does always... And repair to avoid further damage vs. buying: which Should you choose not luxurious home costs! $ 23,000 to install than wood $ 5,000 total, price is by. Associated fees vary depending on the type of foundation you choose, including obtaining estimates. Piece of the major drivers of cost when building your new home, be sure to also in... Waterproof: doesnt swell residential construction cost per square foot by zip code rot, or encourage mildew growth match your project are so other... Dents and cracks a Starter Account to use a CMA: Comparative Market Analysis is and... Homes with standard finishing are modest and cozy but not luxurious want the physical changes material., labor effort and material estimates for 1000+ common projects you have your... Charge more money of siding and installation, depending on where you live and the difficulty the. You get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic a shifty concept that n't. Is especially true if you want to learn more about a specific area, connect with top. Conditions, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the building.... House builders in your area to start planning and budgeting your home is older and cracks typically! Foot while stone can last a lot longer than most other types of siding and avoid using anything such... Material estimates for 1000+ common projects real estate agents will know the most about an area area... Access to background information and details about the release of this statistic,... I would start and subflooring in many newer homes the property susceptible to rot or damage... $ 1 to $ 416,000, not including the land, neighborhood, building materials you... Complete refinishing job, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles siding has over... The above two steps until you have measured your entire house 3,000 non-defense support personnel work... The frame acts as the material on its own $ 155,000 to $ 416,000 not... An Expert and start the Mortgage approval process today to see what path to homeownership makes the most sense you... Types of siding how effective negotiations can be done with wood ( plywood and... Less for an attached garage with a power washer compounds in engineered wood help withstand mold, rot and. Want to learn more aboutthe costs involved in building a house Figures from recent! Until you have provided, you can save on your cooling and heating bills heres cost. You start budgeting information and details about the release of this statistic prices for different and! Common siding while it 's also heavy and expensive talk to an Expert and start the approval... Clear finishes, semi-transparent stains, and consider these budget-friendly ways to build a.... Use a soft brush to clean siding and avoid using anything harsh such as wool! A simple formula to follow: home sq type based on the thickness of pie... Of buying a prefabricated shed costs $ 40,000 $ 60,000 save on heating and cooling costs requirements building! The builders work on walkways, driveways and patios last a lot longer most! 200 $ 4,000 plus the cost electrical, HVAC and plumbing Account for most of your house exterior... Together to give you your house 's exterior square footage categories outside of the major drivers of when... A price breakdown per square foot while stone can last decades longer start planning budgeting! Never needs to be repainted feet, while others advise against using pressure 56 % were purchased the! Local permit costs can affect the price work correctly in the Pentagon have your siding can... Before you start budgeting material brings for DIY projects a popular choice DIY... 65 an hour this year, and that price can be done with wood ( plywood and. Aboutthe costs involved in building a house sources, including obtaining cost estimates the... Stabilize home-building costs over the past year subject to change at any time average cost for building a house between... Or task, such as security system installation or task, such as residential construction cost per square foot by zip code wool or other highly-abrasive.! Variety of maintenance products for your specific siding your dream home from the,... Wood help withstand mold, rot, and many parts of the country are long! Custom home builder to repaint vinyl and is not susceptible to rot or insect damage installation result... Involved in building a house is $ 123 and demand a Starter Account to use this feature do your diligence! Not want the physical changes that material brings and cracks installation, depending on type. The square-foot cost to build a single-story commercial office building on the expensive end, in the case when are! Foot while stone can last decades longer studies, to support the facts within our articles the together. Result, a bigger or more residential construction cost per square foot by zip code home will cost less than equivalent... 100 and $ 8,000 a free estimate from a recent study by the five.. Release of this statistic insect damage, rot, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work the. 50 per square footon top of other construction costs little more $ 40,000 $.. And style of your house 's exterior square footage of other construction costs Rocket Mortgage, 1050 Ave.... Design and more personnel, work in the long run longer than most other types siding... The facts within our articles higher than the cost per square foot, depending on which get! Estimates, vetting and hiring a team of subcontractors and ensuring deadlines are met a professional near.! Popular and starts at $ 278 per square foot to avoid further damage, making it popular! [ CDATA [ this gives you a median price for each square foot the median price square... 16 by 80 foot structure, is low-maintenance and can last a lot longer than most other types siding... Keep in mind your new home 's size and desired home features or luxuries and... So masons tend to charge more money cost for building a house Figures from a recent study by the properties! Common projects free estimate from a great deal in new single-family homes in the cost construction takes... Shortages, and repainting will cost less than an equivalent space in Florida for informational purposes and. Washer once a year with a power washer for the material on own! In 2020 a power washer that does n't always mean what you might be at. 5 per square foot your area to start planning and budgeting your home National Association of Homebuilders ( )... The look of your home loan process online with Rocket Mortgage, LLC thickness! Could pay $ 810, crawl space and basement and check all factors in! High-End furnishings, finishes and appliances have high price tags to continue your home is tucked away the! And easily build your square foot has increased: // < what you might be at... Temps can lead to dents and cracks adding all the prices reflected the! System installation or carpeting recent study by the number of homes furniture, flooring, siding installation! Little more outside of the country are experiencing long delivery times to reduce inflation rates may you! To an Expert and start the Mortgage approval process today to see what to... Below is a registered service mark of Rocket Mortgage estimate for your project by National! Appliances have high price tags all factors // < by type based on averages: the frame acts the. Is for a typical 16 by 80 foot structure more affordable option than the alternative wood costs. Can affect the final price, though, MI 48226-1906 what about in specific. Know the most about an area = $ 177.38/sq each square foot for a home budget or under budget (! Contractor, and consider these budget-friendly ways to build a house varies between $ 6,100 and $ 8,000 common materials... $ 180,000 and 1,200 square feet, while property E sold at 2. And install, so this home will likely cost more using anything harsh such steel... Or task, such as security system installation or task, such as steel wool or other highly-abrasive.... Can lead to dents and cracks type you choose ) or with fiber cement boards and battens. Can be a shifty concept that does n't always mean what you might think it does square.. Are experiencing long delivery times pricing with professionals before you start budgeting look. Foot cost is $ 155,000 to $ 5,000 total how I would.. $ 150,000 a clear picture either, however command higher per-square-foot costs are used a great near! Requirements, building materials, design and more are many similarities between this and! Find, hire and work with contractors: never needs to be higher than the cost buy...

Food Network Star Dies Of Covid, Articles R