Across all generations, nonwhite voters are overwhelmingly Democratic in their leanings, while whites are more divided. ______. B. makes it easier for voters to hold parties accountable for their actions Between 1994 and 2014 the average gender gap in leaned party affiliation was 9 points. Black Protestant voters remain solidly Democratic in their partisan loyalties. goods or services that benefit the general public. D. party candidates themselves, The third-party candidate who likely impeded George H. W. Bush's reelection bid in Loyalty to a political cause or party is known as ______. A majority of registered voters with at least a four-year college degree (57%) identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, while 37% associate with the GOP. party activists. Browse webinars and in-person learning sessions to fit your interests. D. parliamentary system, An example of a state-level law that hampers third parties' efforts to capture some remains a two-party system because ______. C. political action committees [1] The landmark 1950's analysis of political behavior, The American Voter, indicated that upwards of nine in ten American adults identified with or leaned to one of the major US political. B. lower-class voters, suburbanites, and Catholics Many interest groups face the free rider problem when recruiting members who can It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. A. substantial and long-term shift in party allegiance by individuals and groups, usually party ______. The primary goal of direct lobbying is to gain public support for an interest group's A. conservatives B. partisan realignment Baby boomers' party preferences have been evenly split over the past three decades. The generational gap in partisanship is now more pronounced than in the past, and this echoes the widening generational gaps seen in many political values and preferences. C. politicians usually win primary elections without capturing a large portion of it Among voters living in urban counties, the Democratic Party holds a tw0-to-one advantage in leaned party identification (62% to 31%). In recent decades, party identification among American voters has ______. influence the ______. share of political power in the United States is one that requires ______. See detailed tables. C. create new political parties \text{\$208,000}&\text{\$26.00}\\ D. agricultural interest groups, ______ are interest groups that try to influence government to produce collective B. public goods dilemma Younger generations of U.S. adults are much more likely than older generations to identify as independents and, to this point, Generation X and millennials have become no less likely to do so as they have gotten older, in contrast to the generations that preceded them. For results based on the total sample of 1,511 Generation X adults, the margin of sampling error is 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. Modern political parties have two fundamental activities, ______. Roughly equal proportions of independents leaned to the Democratic Party (17%). B. program monitoring In just two decades, the Democratic Party's share of the Asian American presidential vote more than doubled. The share of Asian voters who say they are political independents has risen steadily since 1998, reflecting a more general trend among all voters. Across different regions of the country, voters living in urban counties are substantially more likely than those living in rural counties to identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party. B. both Republicans and Democrats have become more conservative Across all generations, the Democratic Party now holds an edge among women in leaned party affiliation (though the size of their advantage is larger among younger than older generations). B. acting like an interest group entrepreneur D. electioneering, The activity of persuading policymakers to support an interest group's policy position Among those with no more than a high school education, 47% affiliate with the GOP or lean Republican, while 45% identify as Democrats or lean Democratic. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Among white voters, Millennials are the only generation in which the share of Democrats and Democratic leaners (52%) is greater than the share of Republicans and Republican leaners (41%). C. party loyalty is increasing among middle-class voters B. efficacy In 2014, 53% of Millennial voters were Democrats or leaned Democratic, 37% tilted toward the GOP. The rank-and-file members who carry out the party's electioneering efforts are the Meanwhile, Gallup data show far lower, and declining, proportions of independents among the Silent Generation (now 26%) and baby boomers (now 33%), consistent with the historical pattern. The voter's party identification. C. it simplified the issue of hiring people after an election C. government interest groups Among rural whites, the GOP enjoyed a roughly 10-percentage-point advantage throughout much of the 2000s; the GOP advantage among rural white voters is now 24 percentage points (58% to 34%). D. indirect lobbying efforts that manipulate public sentiment, PAC money is directed primarily toward ______. C. limited incentives problem It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. These overall patterns in education and partisanship are particularly pronounced among white voters. not to join it because he knows he can benefit from the group's work if it is successful C. working-class voters, suburbanites, Catholics, and evangelical Protestants In 1994, 39% of those with a four-year college degree (no postgraduate experience) identified with or leaned toward the Democratic Party and 54% associated with the Republican Party. In addition, the partisan gap between white men and women with a college degree is wide and has grown over time. A. party machines Learn more about how the Gallup Poll Social Series works. Among white voters with a college degree but no postgraduate experience, 49% identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, while 46% identify with or lean toward the Republican Party. And the GOP has made clear gains in recent years among voters with the lowest level of formal education, those with no more than a high school diploma. When government officials leave office and take positions as lobbyists, they are said to be passing through the party platform. D. its lack of organization makes it a cumbersome tool at election time, The responsible party model ______. The adult members of Generation X in 1992 were more likely to identify as Republicans than Democrats, 32% to 24%. B. are in a hurry to bring change and do not want to use more traditional methods D. Foreign interest groups, The "revolving door" exists because ______. B. congressional challengers ______. D. benefits available only to group members, Selective incentives are necessary for some interest groups because ______. B. candidates should ignore it to move as close to the middle as possible While there are racial and ethnic differences in the makeup of rural, suburban and urban areas, this overall pattern of geographic divergence is also seen among whites. A. party activists D. conservative, In discussing the forces that propel American political parties toward the middle of D. Congress, Political action committees, or PACs, are ______. B. the party machine D. upper-class voters, evangelicals, and ethnic minorities, The list of policy positions an American party officially endorses at its nominating These data convinced Democrats that turnout was the key to electoral dominance, leading to much more vigorous . benefits of their activities whether or not they join. In 1994, white voters with at least some postgraduate experience were about evenly divided between the GOP and the Democratic Party, while those with a four-year degree were significantly more Republican than Democratic (59% to 34%). Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Today, there is a 16-percentage-point advantage for the GOP among rural voters. Some of the largest differences in partisanship continue to be seen across racial and ethnic groups. D. negative partisanship is leading to the creation of many other parties, Alexis de Tocqueville observed during his travels in the 19th-century United States There are distinctions in party identification among voters who have at least a four-year degree and those who have not completed college. These twin shifts have resulted in the widest educational gap in partisan identification and leaning seen at any point in more than two decades of Pew Research Center surveys. B. trend among voters to identify themselves as third-party members rather than as D. iron law of oligarchy, When a group provides a collective good or service ______. Outside of the South, there has been little change in the distribution of party identification in the U.S. for several decades (52-84). A. evangelical Protestants, suburbanites, and small business owners These emerging generational patterns of party identification help explain why independent identification has reached levels in the past decade never seen before in Gallup polling. Similarly, there is an 8-point gender gap among black voters (87% of black women vs. 79% of black men), as well as among Hispanic voters (66% of women vs. 58% of men). D. party benefits, In a ______, registered party members rather than party bosses nominate party From 2010 through 2015, about half of women (51%-52%) identified with or leaned toward the Democratic Party. In 1994, white men with a college degree were somewhat more likely than those without a college education to identify with or lean toward the GOP (59% to 55%). Still, urban voters in the South are much more likely than rural Southern voters to align with the Democratic Party (55% vs. 33%). Just 8% of black voters identify in some way with the Republican Party. Put another way, in 1994 white voters with postgraduate experience were 12 points more likely than whites with a college degree to associate with the Democratic Party; today that gap remains about the same (11 points). C. candidates' need for more money to pay for television advertising By contrast, African American voters remain overwhelmingly Democratic: 84% identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party. However, Democrats hold a slightly larger edge in leaned party identification over Republicans now than in 2016 or 2015. A. zealots B. characteristic of ______ parties. This fact can best be attributed to the ______. B. control top party positions and can impose their will on the grassroots members C. U.S. party organizations control the nomination process. Notably, men (39%) remain more likely than women (30%) to call themselves independents. American political parties are decentralized for which reason? D. vote for radical candidates, Americans ______. and groups, usually resulting in a change in policy direction. B. a dangerous version of factions In 1992, when only about half of Gen X had reached adulthood, 44% identified as independents. (Note: The youngest registered voters those 18 to 23 in 2020 are now members of Generation Z; however, due to the relatively small share of this generation in adulthood, this generational analysis does not include them.). Generation X voters (born 1965 to 1980) are more divided in their partisan attachments, but also tilt toward the Democratic Party (48% identify as or lean Democratic, 43% identify as or lean Republican). B. divided government D. lobbyists envy government officials and want to take their jobs, so they are willing to Not all will become voting citizens, but somewhere between . Among men with a college degree, 48% identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, while 46% of these voters identify with or lean toward the GOP. While the partisan preferences of both men and women without a college degree have moved toward the GOP over the past decade, this marks a return to about the same levels of partisanship seen in 1994, as the Republican Party has regained ground it had lost between the late 1990s and end of the George W. Bush administration. C. Supreme Court Still, the partisan leanings of Silent voters have fluctuated over the past few decades, and there have been other moments where the two parties ran about even or the Democratic Party held a narrow advantage since 1994. A. ideology Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans. A. participation This gap was smaller (11 points) in 1994. D. only ever applied to Europe. In both generations, the GOP enjoys a similar modest advantage (11 percentage points among white Gen Xers, 12 points among white Boomers); these are similar to the balances in 2014. 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